Global energy transition has crossed many milestones over the past decade, surpassing most expectations. Thanks to technological innovation, entrepreneurship and risk-taking by policymakers and businesses, installed capacity has grown sevenfold for solar PV, and threefold for onshore wind since 2010.
Once considered a pipedream, the share of renewable energy in the electricity mix is higher than fossil fuels in some countries. The last decade has also seen the number of people without access to modern forms of energy significantly decline.
But there is still a long way to go. As of 2019, 81 percent of the world's primary energy supply was still based on fossil fuels. And while the share of coal in the electricity mix has been steadily declining, the volume of electricity produced from coal has increased in absolute terms – primarily in regions with rising energy demand.
Analysis from a decade of benchmarking data from the World Economic Forum's (WEF) Energy Transition Index 2021 indicates that only 10 percent of the 115 countries analysed maintained a steady upward trajectory toward energy transition. While most countries progressed in some way, consistent progress was a challenge.
As we move into the decade of delivery and action, when pledges and commitments are expected to materialise into actions, maintaining consistency of progress is of paramount importance for timely and effective energy transition. Along with speed and direction, the focus must also be on the resilience of energy transition, which makes the progress irreversible, and enables the process to bounce back in the event of disruptions.
As global energy transition advances, the landscape of risks to the transition is rapidly evolving. Accelerated incremental progress will depend not only on continued advancements of technology, but also on addressing the socio-economic and geopolitical ramifications of the energy transition. In this regard, the ongoing recovery efforts from the COVID-19 pandemic offer five crucial takeaways while also revealing some blind spots that can potentially undermine the hard-earned progress.
Energy Remains Strongly Coupled With Economic Growth
Addressing this trade-off is at the heart of the energy transition. Recovery efforts to mitigate the economic damage from COVID-19 were expected to be a significant green catalyst. Yet despite the historic emissions reductions caused by lockdowns, emissions in many countries rebounded to pre-pandemic levels quickly.
Moreover, as trillions of dollars are being pledged and effectively channelled to sectors relevant to energy transition, a majority of those have been allocated to carbon intensive sectors in most countries, potentially locking in emissions for years. Investment in green, future-ready infrastructure can be a strong vehicle to drive further economic growth and generate employment.
Not All Economic Recoveries Will Support The Energy Transition Equally
As the global economy limps back to normalcy, forecasts suggest that emerging and developing economies are on track for slower recovery, with many not expected to return to pre-pandemic gross domestic product (GDP) levels until 2023, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
The prospect of divergent economic recovery, and resulting fiscal challenges, will limit their ability to support investments into energy transition. In the short term, ramping up vaccine production and distribution, and ensuring equitable distribution is important to ensure emerging and developing economies are quickly able to bounce back.
We Must Ensure Protections For Those Most Vulnerable
The pandemic highlighted the devastating effects of income inequality, both in terms of increased risk of contagion, and economic costs from loss of income and employment. The impact of energy transition will be similarly disproportionate to vulnerable sections of the society – for example, from labour market dislocations across the conventional energy source value chain and from affordability challenges resulting from subsidy reforms or carbon taxes.
Addressing distributional considerations by prioritising "just transition" pathways, with an inclusive approach to evaluate energy policy and investment decisions, is critical for inclusiveness of the energy transition.
Challenges In International Collaboration Remain
The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the limitations of international cooperation to mitigate and address the global health emergency quickly. Climate change, the primary driver of energy transition, is already creating food and water shortages across many parts of the world and is expected to spark an unprecedented wave of migration in the near future, in addition to the trade and competitiveness implications of carbon taxes.
This is likely to test the strength and efficacy of international collaboration even more, necessitating development of robust cooperation mechanisms across all stakeholder groups to address this globally shared challenge.
We Must Get All Citizens On Board
Uneven public compliance to mitigation measures and vaccine hesitancy has highlighted the challenges in mobilising public support to address a rapidly escalating emergency. Research suggests that people underestimate the effects of dangers that have exponential growth, long-term horizons or might be unfolding in faraway places. At the same time, inconsistent communication and administrative miscalculations can lead to loss of trust and give rise to misinformation.
Given the ubiquitous presence of energy across the fabric of modern economy and society, energy transition has systemic implications and requires active participation from individuals. With timelines extending to decades into the future, the perceived inadequacy of individual action for a collective problem, or extreme weather events happening in distant parts of the world might not convey the scale and need for speed for energy transition to individuals. This highlights the urgency of enhancing literacy on energy transition to ensure active participation from all sections of society.
Despite progress, more is required to reach a more sustainable energy transition
Malaysia is the second highest ranking economy in Southeast Asia, and ranks 39th out of 115 countries on the Energy Transition Index 2021.
The country displays a strong performance in energy access and security. However, Malaysia’s performance has declined slightly over the last decade. Part of the decline has been driven by “economic growth and development” representing complex trade-offs as the economy transforms away from a fossil dependent one. Further, not priced cost of externalities from energy consumption and production have been increasing over the last decade.
Malaysia has made gains on environmental sustainability, especially through gradual reduction of energy intensity of GDP. However, the carbon intensity of energy mix remains high increasing two percent over the last decade. While share of renewables, especially solar, has dramatically increased, coal’s role in the economy remains significant.
The energy system has been a strong pillar of economic growth in Malaysia, and its continued role requires creating a strong enabling framework, backed by political commitment and stable policy environment, development of infrastructure for energy transition, re-skilling of the workforce for a future energy system, and investing in energy innovation.
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